By 2015, it is estimated that the demand for cement would have tripled to almost 3.5 billion tonnes. Despite the large demand, the raw resources required for cement manufacture are relatively low. Aside from the high cost of cement manufacture, the environmental impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which is the primary cause of global warming, is concerning.Because the majority of SCMs are waste products that pollute the environment when disposed in landfills, mixing them into concrete provides a safe and practical disposal technique. Because most SCMs are pozzolanic in nature, they aid in improving the strength and decreasing the permeability of concrete as it ages..As a consequence, mixing cement with SCMs has always yielded several benefits [1], including cost savings, waste product recycling, and enhanced physical characteristics, as well as increased concrete durability and decreased environmental impact through lower green house gas emission [2-3]. The principal ingredients allowed by European Standards are pozzolana, fly ash, GGBS, and limestone.The benefit of inserting steel fibres is that it inhibits cracks from propagating by providing adjusting pressures at the crack's tips, slowing their progression through the concrete and allowing for progressive failure while also enhancing tensile and flexural strength by several folds [3-5].Concrete fails as a result of the pores that exist inside it. Glass fibres, which are thin filaments, can be used to reduce this.

Discrete, short, randomly distributed fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) has been specified in recent years for structural applications that need large flexural loads. These applications include raft foundations [7], ground and pile-supported slabs [6], tunnel linings, different precast parts, and other applications. Sometimes fibres serve as the only reinforcement; other times, they are combined with a smaller quantity of conventional reinforcement [8]. FRC's economic feasibility is limited by too conservative design techniques and flaws in test methodologies for assessing mechanical properties, despite the fact that viable applications have been developed for it [9]. The intended dimensions of the FRC structural element are impacted by differences in mechanical characteristics [10]. In addition to providing basic information on three FRC materials—Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete (PP-FRC), Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibre Reinforced Concrete, also known as Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), and Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)—the following sections also detail the historical development of FRC and offer a general classification system for it.

Concrete has a number of unfavourable material qualities that must be overcome in order to fully utilise the material, despite its extensive use as a building material for multiple applications in the construction sector [12]. it is typically strong when subjected to compressive stress; but, when subjected to tensile strain, it becomes comparatively weak and brittle. These traits may cause poorly constructed concrete structures to break suddenly and catastrophically, or they may result in poor longevity [13]. Materials that are durable and flexible under tensile loading are carefully positioned in the expected zones of tensile stress within the concrete in order to counteract these drawbacks and benefit from the high compressive strength of the material.In addition to traditional ways of reinforcing cement with continuous and aligned steel reinforcement , random dispersion of discrete fibres throughout the mixture during mixing can also be used to increase concrete's tensile qualities. Although there are numerous specific names for cement-based materials, incorporating fibre, fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is the general term for concrete with random, discrete fibres [13]. Although this kind of alteration to cement-based composites has been used since antiquity, the last ten years have seen a significant advancement in our understanding of FRC. Even with the abundance of research on fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) that has been published in the literature, there is still much to learn about the subject because of the constant advancements in general concrete technology and fibre characteristics, as well as the intricacy of the variables that could potentially effect composite qualities.

Man-made construction materials based on cement are revolutionising the world. It is made up of aggregate, sand, and binding material (cement) combined with water to create mortar and concrete. Concrete is quite poor in tension (stretching), but it has high resistance to compression (crushing).Its characteristics (strength, durability, etc.) can be adjusted to meet specific needs. It does, however, have poor energy absorption, limited ductility, and low tensile strength. It is reinforced with reinforcement bars or mesh in constructions because of its low tensile strength, although this type of reinforcement is useless for controlling cracks. Concrete is a basic material; in alkaline settings, reinforcement corrodes and decays [14].

To enhance the qualities that the parent material lacks and create a more well-rounded final product, certain fibres can be chosen and added to various building components. Different raw material compositions and production techniques for synthetic fibres will result in varying mechanical characteristics. Fibres come in a variety of diameters and forms and have varying properties [15]. If used, the type of fibre used will need to be carefully picked because some fibres can break down in alkaline settings. Because fibres can be used as reinforcement instead of more energy-intensive techniques like wired mesh and steel reinforcement bars, they can lower the overall cost of building.

2.1. Alkali Resistant Glass fiber

Glass fibres are a large number of extremely fine glass fibres. Because of chemical assault by the alkaline cement paste, ordinary glass fibre cannot be employed in portland cement mortars or concretes. Although zirconia and other alkali-resistant glass fibres are more robust to alkaline conditions, even these have been known to deteriorate with time. For example, adding 1.5 volume percent steel or glass fibres to a 200 mm slump concrete mixture will likely lower the sag to around 25 mm, but the concrete's placeability and vibration compatibility will likely remain acceptable. As a result, the Veebe test is increasingly commonly used to assess the workability of fiber-reinforced concrete mixes.

2.2. Fly ash

Fly Ash for concrete comes in a variety of colours, ranging from dark grey to yellowish brown. This kind of Fly Ash has pozzolanic qualities and will contain at least 70% silica dioxide, aluminium oxide, and iron oxide. C is the lowest classification. Fly ash is often made from subbituminous coal that satisfies the required specifications.This kind of Fly Ash contains some cementitious qualities in addition to pozzolanic capabilities, and will have a minimum silica dioxide, aluminium oxide, and iron oxide concentration of 50%. The use of Fly Ash is allowed and even encouraged in most state and federal regulations, especially where stringent durability criteria are required.

3.1 Mix Design

The process of selecting appropriate concrete components and defining their relative ratios with the purpose of producing a concrete with the required toughness, endurance, and practicability as cheaply as possible is known as concrete mix design. IS 10262 – 2009 was used to create the concrete mix design. In this experiment, we'll be using M-40 concrete. The compaction has an impact on the strength of cement when it is cured at a given temperature and at a specific age.

3.2 Mix Design / Material Proportions (Codes)

The cement concrete was discovered to be black in colour and cohesive. When a combination with a high water content is mixed for a long time, the aggregates and paste bleed and segregate. The compressive strength of hardened concrete was frequently followed by this phenomena.

3.3 Materials Used

fine aggregates,Cement,glass fibresand coarse aggregates are among the ingredients utilised in the creation of concrete mix. The physical characteristics of each material were examined and are listed below in table 1,2 and 3.

Table 1 Physical Properties of Cement

Table 2 Physical Properties of GGBS

Table 3 Physical Properties of Flyash

3.5. Fine Aggregate

As a fine aggregate, river sand (coarse sand) was employed. The sand utilised in this experiment was Zone – II sand. Table 4 shows the test methodologies used to assess the physical parameters of fine aggregate, as described in IS-383 (1970).

Table 4 Fine Aggregate Physical Properties

3.6. Coarse Aggregate

The maximum size of the coarse aggregate used in this application is 20 mm. Using the IS 383:1970 standard, the percentage of coarse aggregate mix with 45 percent 12.5 mm size and 55 percent 20 mm size was calculated. The physical properties of coarse aggregate are listed in Table 5..

Table 5 Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregates

3.7 Glass Fiber

The material is made up of extremely fine glass fibres. Fibre is a robust, low-weight, and long-lasting substance. It is less rigid and has lower strength than carbon fibre, but the raw materials are less expensive and the substance is frequently less brittle. Its bulk toughness and mass characteristics are also highly advantageous when compared to metals, and moulding techniques make manufacturing it simple. It has remarkable mechanical and physical properties. The qualities of GFRC are determined by the quality of the materials used and the precision with which they are manufactured.Glass fibre percentage ranges from 3 to 7% by weight in most glass fibres; however, as the fibre ratio increases, density decreases. Glass is the most well-known and oldest performance fibre. Since the 1930s, glass has been used to make fibres. Table 1.6 lists the parameters of various fibres, and Figure 1 shows a picture of the Glass Fiber. The most prevalent reinforcing fibres for polymeric matrix composites are glass fibres (PMC). Low cost, great tensile strength, strong chemical resistance, and excellent insulating qualities are the main advantages of glass fibres.Water should be free of harmful contaminants, according to IS: 456 (2000), and should be used for mixing and curing concrete. As a result, in the current investigation, potable water was utilised in all processes requiring water quality management.

4.1. Compressive Strength:

In order to determine the compressive strength of a material,(figure 1) to test the concrete strength, conventional cubical molds of size 150mm ×150mm ×150mm manufactured of iron have been used to create concrete samples.

Fig. 1.Machine to Test Cubes Under Compression (Ctm).

We cast cubes with varying percentages of rice husk ash, steel fibre and  fly ash in the concrete to assess compressive strength. After that, the specimens are evaluated on a CTM for 7 days and 28 days, according to I.S. 516-1959.

4.2. Flexural Strength:

Because of the limited span between the columns, the tensile and flexural of plane  and cement with different percentage of  rice husk ash, steel fibre and fly ash content in cement was explored by testing shafts of 150mm  × 150mm  ×  700mm under two-point load. The effective width of the beam in this strength properties was 640 mm.

4.3. Split Tensile Strength:

By evaluating cylinders of 300mm ×  150mm under a CTM of 1000 KN capability, the shear strength of plane cement and artillery with different percentage of FA, RHA, and steel fibre components in concrete was examined.(figure 2 and 3)

Fig. 2.Beam Setup Test

Fig. 3. Cylinder under Ctm

5.1 Compressive Strength

Materials that are strong and ductile under tensile loading are carefully positioned in the expected zones of tensile stress within the concrete in order to counteract these drawbacks and benefit from the high compressive strength of the material. In addition to traditional ways of reinforcing concrete with continuous and aligned reinforcement bars (rebar), random dispersion of discrete fibres throughout the mixture during mixing can also be used to increase concrete's tensile qualities. (Figure 4 and Table 6)Although there are other specific names for cement-based materials, incorporating fibre, fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is the general term for concrete with random, discrete fibres. Although this kind of alteration to cement-based composites has been used for ages, the last ten years have seen significant advancements in our understanding of FRC.

Table 6: CS Results.

Fig. 4.Compressive Strength Variation as a Function of Age.

5.2 Flexural strength

Flexural strength is calculated for different fibre volume fractions, and the findings are shown in the table below: MPa is the compressive strength of regular and SFRC concretes. Compressive strength results are displayed in Figure 5 and Table (7). It shows that 3.0% is the ideal volume fraction of fibres to provide the highest strength at 28 days. At seven and twenty-eight days, the percentage increase in strength at this volume fraction of fibres over regular concrete is 20.68% and 6.15%, respectively. Concrete has microscopic cracks, and fibres stop the cracks from forming and spreading. Compressive strength decreases after optimal level, indicating air entrapment in the concrete as a result of the high fibre volume fraction assimilation.

Table 7: FS Results.

Fig. 5.Flexrual Strength (FS) Variation as a Function of Age.

5.3 Tensile strength

Glass fibres offered the highest results for flexural strength, whereas polymer fibres showed the strongest corrosion resistance and tensile strength. Because so little fibre was utilised in the tests, the results of the steel fibre tests were not conclusive.(Figure 6 and Table 8) But it turned out that the samples deteriorated from the inside out because the steel fibres could not tolerate the heat. In summary, the advantages of adding fibres to concrete differ according to the kind of fibre.

Table 8: Results of TS

Fig. 6.At different ages, the split tensile strength varies.

At 3.0% and 4.0% of fibre volume fractions, the greatest percentage increases in flexural strength and compressive strength were 8.45 and 7.32, respectively. In general, adding steel fibres to regular concrete shows a satisfactory improvement in a variety of strengths. However, it has been discovered that the amount of fibre content determines the maximum increase in concrete strength. The ideal fibre content to provide the greatest benefit in different strengths varies depending on the kind of strength. It has been discovered that adding fibres to concrete with a higher fibre content increases its ductility. It is discovered that the GFRC beam's crack width is smaller than that of the regular cement concrete beam.It is less expensive and more environmentally friendly than conventional mixed concrete.

• The glass fibre reinforced composite's compressive strength rose by roughly 20% to 30%. Larger steel grades provide a greater percentage gain in strength.
• Glass fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) can sustain higher temperatures during fire incidents, increases surface integrity, uniformity, and reduces the chance of cracking.
• Because fly ash concrete has a lower water-to-cement ratio, it is easier to work with.
• Both types of concrete have less shrinkage as they cure.

Abbreviation

FPGA – Field-Programmable Gate Array; AMM – Additive Multiplication Module; HDL – Hardware Description Language; PSNR – Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio; SSIM – Structural Similarity Index; CR – Compression Ratio; BER – Bit Error Rate; MAE – Mean Absolute Error; MSE – Mean Squared Error; VVC – Versatile Video Coding; DCT – Discrete Cosine Transform; WMSNs – Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks; DSP – Digital Signal Processing; LUT – Look-Up Table; CLB – Configurable Logic Block; FSM – Finite State Machine; RTL – Register Transfer Level; AI – Artificial Intelligence.

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