From 2000 to 2024 India experienced a notable expansion in public spending on social sectors (education, health, nutrition, social protection and sanitation), driven by economic growth, fiscal space changes, major flagship programmes, and global commitments (MDGs → SDGs). Spending increased in absolute terms and as a share of public budgets, but shortfalls remain relative to international peers in per-capita and GDP terms. Effectiveness and equity of spending are uneven across states and sectors, prompting renewed policy debates on prioritization, fiscal federalism, and targeting. This article reviews the trends, sectoral patterns, outcomes, and policy implications for India’s social expenditure across 2000–2024.

This study explores recent innovations in digital banking, focusing on technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, mobile banking, biometric authentication, and open banking platforms. These technologies have improved operational efficiency, enhanced customer experience, and strengthened security measures within the financial sector. The research highlights the integration of AI-driven chatbots for customer service, the implementation of blockchain for secure and transparent transactions, and the widespread adoption of mobile banking applications that offer real-time access to banking services. Additionally, it examines how regulatory frameworks and customer trust influence the adoption of these technologies. By analyzing case studies and current trends, this study provides insights into the transformative impact of digital innovation on the banking industry and offers recommendations for future advancements